Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is a disease that starts in the cells lining the bladder — the hollow organ that stores urine. It develops when normal bladder cells grow abnormally, forming tumors that can spread if not treated promptly.
This type of cancer is one of the most common cancers of the urinary tract. While it can occur at any age, it is seen more frequently in older adults and is more common in men than in women. Early diagnosis plays a vital role in effective treatment and improved recovery.
Types of Bladder Cancer
- Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC): The most common type, affecting the inner lining of the bladder.
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Usually linked to long-term irritation or infection.
- Adenocarcinoma: A rare type that develops in glandular cells of the bladder.
Symptoms of Bladder Cancer
In the early stages, symptoms may be mild and often overlooked. Common signs include:
- Blood in urine (Hematuria): The most common symptom, may appear pink, red, or cola-colored.
- Frequent urination or urgent need to urinate.
- Pain or burning during urination.
- Persistent lower back or pelvic pain.
- In advanced cases: weight loss, weakness, or bone pain.
Note: Even if symptoms are mild, consult a urologist immediately. Early detection greatly improves treatment outcomes.
Causes and Risk Factors
While the exact cause of bladder cancer is not fully understood, several factors increase the risk:
- Smoking: The biggest risk factor, as harmful chemicals pass through the bladder.
- Age & Gender: More common in men and usually diagnosed after age 55.
- Chemical Exposure: Long-term exposure to chemicals in dye, rubber, leather, or paint industries.
- Chronic Inflammation: Recurrent bladder infections or prolonged catheter use.
- Previous Treatments: Prior radiation therapy or certain chemotherapy drugs may raise risk.
- Family History & Genetics: Inherited mutations or a family history of bladder cancer.
Treatment Options for Bladder Cancer
Treatment depends on the stage of cancer, tumor size, overall health, and patient preferences. The aim is to remove cancer while preserving bladder function whenever possible.
1. Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT)
- A minimally invasive procedure for early-stage bladder cancer.
- A scope is inserted through the urethra to remove tumors.
2. Intravesical Therapy
- Delivery of chemotherapy or immunotherapy medicines directly into the bladder.
- Often used after TURBT to prevent recurrence.
3. Radical Cystectomy
- Complete removal of the bladder in advanced cases.
- May include urinary diversion surgery to maintain urine flow.
4. Partial Cystectomy
- Only the cancerous part of the bladder is removed, preserving bladder function.
5. Systemic Treatments
- Chemotherapy: Used before or after surgery to destroy cancer cells.
- Immunotherapy: Boosts the immune system to fight bladder cancer.
- Targeted Therapy: Blocks specific genetic changes in cancer cells.
6. Robotic & Laparoscopic Surgeries
- Modern techniques that use small incisions for less pain and faster recovery.
Prevention & Risk Reduction
Bladder cancer cannot always be prevented, but certain steps can reduce the risk:
- Quit Smoking: The most effective way to lower risk.
- Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids to flush toxins.
- Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
- Avoid unnecessary exposure to harmful workplace chemicals.
- Go for regular screenings if you are at high risk.